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Physics, explained so it clicks

Forty articles, fifty calculators, six games, from Newton’s laws to quantum computing, free forever, no account, no paywall, no login.

Fundamental constants

ConstantValue
Speed of light in vacuum (c)299 792 458 m/s
Planck constant (h)6.626 070 15 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s
Newtonian constant of gravitation (G)6.674 30 × 10⁻¹¹ m³/kg·s²
Elementary charge (e)1.602 176 634 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
Boltzmann constant (k_B)1.380 649 × 10⁻²³ J/K
Electron mass (m_e)9.109 383 7015 × 10⁻³¹ kg
Avogadro constant (N_A)6.022 140 76 × 10²³ mol⁻¹
Molar gas constant (R)8.314 462 618 J/(mol·K)
Vacuum permittivity (ε₀)8.854 187 8128 × 10⁻¹² F/m
Vacuum permeability (μ₀)1.256 637 062 12 × 10⁻⁶ N/A²
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (σ)5.670 374 419 × 10⁻⁸ W/(m²·K⁴)
Rydberg constant (R_∞)10 973 731.568 160 m⁻¹

Exact values fixed by the SI, 2019. The rest are the latest measured values (CODATA 2022).

Core concepts

The laws that run our universe, each with a diagram that shows what the words mean.

F = 20 Nf = 8 NNmgm = 2 kg
Free-body diagram: a 2 kg block pushed with 20 N against 8 N of friction. Net force 12 N, so a = 6 m/s².

Classical Mechanics

Newton's Second Law of Motion

Newton's second law is the workhorse of mechanics: it connects the force on an object to how its motion changes. It explains why a small push can send a…

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v₀ = 20 m/sθ = 45°H = 10.2 mR = 40.8 mg = 9.81 m/s²
Projectile at 45°: the range is longest at this angle, and the path is a parabola.

Kinematics

Projectile Motion Basics

Throw a ball and it follows a graceful curved path called a parabola. That curve is really two simple motions happening at once: steady motion sideways and…

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I = 3 AR = 4 ΩV = 12 VI
One loop: a 12 V battery drives 3 A through a 4 Ω resistor. V = IR.

Electromagnetism

Ohm's Law and Electric Circuits

Ohm's law is the starting point for almost all circuit analysis. It links the voltage across a component, the current through it, and its resistance in one…

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P = 101 kPaV = 2 LT = 300 Kn = 0.08 mol
An ideal gas: pressure comes from particles hitting the walls. PV = nRT.

Thermodynamics

The Ideal Gas Law

The ideal gas law links the four quantities that describe a gas: pressure, volume, temperature and amount. It is one of the most useful equations in…

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λ = 2 mA = 1 mv = f λ
A transverse wave: one wavelength λ is crest to crest, amplitude A is the height from the middle line.

Waves & Optics

Waves: Amplitude, Frequency and Wavelength

A wave is a travelling disturbance that carries energy without carrying matter. From ripples on a pond to radio signals, waves are described by the same few…

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photonn = 1n = 2n = 3E_n = −13.6 / n² eV
The Bohr atom: electrons live on shells n = 1, 2, 3. A jump down emits a photon.

Modern Physics

The Bohr Model of the Atom

The Bohr model pictures electrons in fixed orbits around the nucleus, each with a definite energy. It explains why hydrogen emits light only at certain…

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Why PhysicsLab

More than a website, a complete learning environment where physics becomes intuitive through interaction, not memorisation.

Complete curriculum

Forty original articles, from Newton’s laws to quantum computing, each with the working shown, not just the answer.

Interactive simulations

Six games and simulators. Change a number and watch what happens: intuition first, formulas second.

Calculators that show the working

Fifty calculators. Every answer comes with the substitution and the steps, not just a number.

Intuition before mathematics

Every topic starts with the physical idea, the why, before the maths.

Visual explanations

Labelled diagrams on the articles that need them. A picture that earns its place, never decoration.

Free and open

Free forever. No account, no paywall, no login. Your settings stay in your own browser.

Start with a branch

Six branches of physics. Every branch has articles, calculators and a cheat sheet.

Classical Mechanics

Forces, energy, momentum and motion.

Circular Motion and Centripetal Force, Conservation of Momentum, Friction: Static, Kinetic and Rolling, Newton's First Law of Motion

7 articles18 calculators

Kinematics

Describing motion: velocity, acceleration and trajectories.

Acceleration Explained, Free Fall and Gravity, Projectile Motion Basics, Relative Velocity

7 articles5 calculators

Electromagnetism

Charge, current, fields, circuits and magnetism.

Capacitors and Capacitance, Electric Charge and Coulomb's Law, Electric Fields and Electric Potential, Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law

7 articles9 calculators

Thermodynamics

Heat, temperature, energy and entropy.

Entropy Explained, Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Temperature, Heat and Thermal Energy, The Carnot Cycle and Heat Engines

6 articles5 calculators

Waves & Optics

Waves, sound, light, lenses and interference.

Interference and Diffraction, Lenses and Mirrors, Reflection and Refraction of Light, Sound Waves

6 articles7 calculators

Modern Physics

Quantum mechanics, relativity, atoms and beyond.

Quantum Computing Basics: Qubits and Superposition, Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction, Radioactivity and Half-Life, Relativity: Time Dilation and Length Contraction

7 articles6 calculators

Articles worth reading first

Original articles with the working shown, not just the answer.

Circular Motion and Centripetal Force

Classical Mechanics2 formulas

Acceleration Explained

Kinematics2 formulas

Capacitors and Capacitance

Electromagnetism3 formulas

Entropy Explained

Thermodynamics2 formulas

Interference and Diffraction

Waves & Optics3 formulas

All 40 articles

Calculators

Fifty calculators that show the working, step by step.

CalculatorFormulaBranch
Banked Curve Calculatortan θ = v² ÷ (r × g)Classical Mechanics
Buoyancy CalculatorF_b = ρ × V × gClassical Mechanics
Centripetal Force CalculatorF_c = m × v² ÷ rClassical Mechanics
Circular Motion Calculatora = v² ÷ rClassical Mechanics
Escape Velocity Calculatorv = √(2 × G × M ÷ r)Classical Mechanics
Gravitational Field Calculatorg = G × M ÷ r²Classical Mechanics
Gravitational Potential Energy CalculatorPE = m × g × hClassical Mechanics
Hooke's Law CalculatorF = k × xClassical Mechanics
Impulse and Momentum CalculatorJ = F × Δt = ΔpClassical Mechanics
Kinetic Energy CalculatorKE = ½ × m × v²Classical Mechanics

All 50 calculators

Games

Six interactive games. Learn by doing, not by reading.

Physics Quiz Challenge

Test your physics knowledge across six topics with 60 original questions, instant explanations, progress tracking, and a score to beat.

Medium, Classical Mechanics

Projectile Motion Simulator

Launch a projectile, adjust angle and speed, watch the trajectory unfold, and try to hit the target flag downrange in this simulator.

Easy, Kinematics

Pendulum Simulator

Swing a pendulum on Earth, the Moon or Jupiter. Change the string length and gravity and watch the period change live as it swings.

Easy, Classical Mechanics

Wave Interference Visualiser

Two wave sources, one pattern: explore constructive and destructive interference and reveal the nodal lines in this animated visualiser.

Medium, Waves & Optics

Circuit Builder

Build a series or parallel circuit with up to three resistors and see resistance, current, voltage and power update live.

Medium, Electromagnetism

Physics Unit Converter

Convert length, mass, time, energy, temperature and speed instantly, with the exact factors physicists use for homework and lab work.

Easy, Modern Physics

Cheat sheets

Every key formula for a branch, on one page.

BranchFormulasAbout
Classical Mechanics34Forces, energy, momentum and motion.
Kinematics22Describing motion: velocity, acceleration and trajectories.
Electromagnetism29Charge, current, fields, circuits and magnetism.
Thermodynamics19Heat, temperature, energy and entropy.
Waves & Optics25Waves, sound, light, lenses and interference.
Modern Physics27Quantum mechanics, relativity, atoms and beyond.

All cheat sheets

Start with a calculator

Pick a number, change it, watch the answer change. That is the whole method.

Try a calculator